Today's Brief 13/07/2024
- M.R Mishra
- Jul 14, 2024
- 12 min read
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Water soluble Fertilizers: are a type of plant fertilizer that can dissolve completely in water.
They are designed for use in hydroponic systems, foliar feeding, or direct soil application, providing a readily available source of nutrients for plants.
Benefits:
Rapid Nutrient Availability: Because they dissolve in water, plants can absorb the nutrients quickly, promoting faster growth.
Ease of Application: They can be applied through various methods, including watering cans, sprayers, and irrigation systems.
Precise Nutrient Delivery: They allow for precise control over the amount and type of nutrients delivered to plants.
Versatility: Suitable for various plants and growing environments, including indoor, outdoor, and greenhouse gardeningCommon Nutrients:
Nitrogen (N): Promotes leaf and stem growth.
Phosphorus (P): Supports root development and flowering.
Potassium (K): Enhances overall plant health and disease resistance.
Additionally, they may contain secondary nutrients (calcium, magnesium, sulfur) and micronutrients (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron).
Application Tips:
Follow Manufacturer Instructions: Always adhere to the recommended dosage and application frequency to avoid over-fertilization, which can harm plants.
Even Distribution: Ensure even distribution of the fertilizer solution to prevent nutrient imbalances.
Combine with Regular Watering: Use the fertilizer solution in place of or in addition to regular watering sessions.
Monitor Plant Response: Observe your plants for signs of nutrient deficiency or excess and adjust the fertilization schedule accordingly.
2. Stone Age Extinction : Around 5,000 years ago, the population in northern Europe collapsed, decimating Stone Age farming communities across the region.
The cause of this calamity, called the Neolithic decline, has remained a matter of debate.
New research based on DNA obtained from human bones and teeth excavated from ancient burial tombs in Scandinavia – seven from an area in Sweden called Falbygden, one from coastal Sweden close to Gothenburg and one from Denmark – suggests disease, specifically the plague, may have driven the Neolithic decline.
The human remains came from a megalithic tomb type built of giant stones, called passage graves.
The remains of 108 people – 62 males, 45 females and one undetermined – were studied. Eighteen of them – 17% – were infected with plague at the time of death.
The researchers were able to chart the family tree of 38 people from Falbygden across six generations, spanning about 120 years. Twelve of them – 32% – were infected with plague. Genomic findings indicated that their community had experienced three distinct waves of an early form of plague.
The researchers reconstructed full genomes of the different strains of the plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis responsible for these waves. They determined that the last one may have been more virulent than the others and identified traits indicating the disease could have spread from person to person to cause an epidemic.
“We learned that the Neolithic plague is an ancestor to all later plague forms,” said University of Copenhagen geneticist Frederik Seersholm, lead author of the research published this week in the journal Nature.
A later form of this same pathogen caused the Justinian Plague of the 6th century AD and the 14th century Black Death that ravaged Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Because the strains circulating during the Neolithic decline were much earlier versions, the plague may have produced different symptoms than witnessed in the epidemics millennia later.
The study demonstrated that the plague was abundant and widespread in the area examined.
“This high prevalence of plague indicates that plague epidemics played a substantial role in the Neolithic decline in this region,” University of Copenhagen geneticist and study co-author Martin Sikora said.
“Indeed, it seems plausible that the decline seen in other parts of Europe was also in some way affected by plague. We do already have evidence for plague in other megalithic sites in different parts of Northern Europe. And seeing how prevalent it was in Scandinavia, I would expect a similar picture to emerge once we study these other megaliths with the same resolution,” Sikora added.
The Neolithic, or New Stone Age, involved the adoption of farming and animal domestication in place of a roving hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
The Neolithic decline population crash in Northern Europe occurred from about 3300 BC to 2900 BC. By that time, cities and sophisticated civilizations already had arisen in places like Egypt and Mesopotamia.
The populations of Scandinavia and Northwestern Europe ultimately disappeared entirely, only to be later replaced by people known as the Yamnaya who migrated from a steppe region spanning parts of present-day Ukraine. They are the ancestors of modern Northern Europeans.
“Up until now, multiple scenarios have been suggested that might explain the Neolithic decline: war or simple competition with steppe-related populations who became prevalent after the Neolithic decline; an agricultural crisis leading to widespread famine; and various diseases, including plague,” Seersholm said. “The challenge was that only a single plague genome had been identified before, and it was not known whether the disease was able to spread within a population of humans.”
The DNA evidence also offered insight into the social dynamics of these communities, showing men often had children with multiple women and that the women were brought in from neighboring communities. The women appeared to be monogamous.
(Reuters)
3.Constitution Assassination Day (GS 2)
The government has announced that June 25 will be observed annually as 'Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas'.
About Constitution Assassination Day
On June 25, 1975, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of Emergency in India, which lasted until March 21, 1977. During this period, fundamental rights were extensively suspended, opposition leaders and critics were detained or arrested, and the press faced severe censorship. The 38th Amendment Act of 1975 made the declaration of a national emergency immune to judicial review, a provision later removed by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978. This observance will honor those who suffered during the 1975 Emergency.
Did You Know?
According to Article 352 of the Indian Constitution, the President can declare an emergency on the advice of the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister if the security of India or any part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
In 1975, the government cited "internal disturbance" as the reason for proclaiming the emergency, arguing that certain individuals were inciting the police and armed forces to disobey orders. This was the only instance of an emergency being declared due to "internal disturbance." Previous emergencies were declared on October 26, 1962, and December 3, 1971, both due to war. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978, passed by the Janata government that succeeded the Emergency period, removed the ground of "internal disturbance" for declaring an emergency.
4.S-400 Missile System (GS-3) : is A Powerful Air Defense Shield
The S-400 Triumf (NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler) is a state-of-the-art mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by Russia. It's considered one of the most advanced air defense systems in the world.
Key Features and Capabilities:
Long Range: The S-400 can engage targets at distances up to 400 kilometers (250 miles), making it capable of intercepting aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles at long ranges.
High Altitude: It can engage targets at altitudes of up to 30 kilometers (98,000 feet).
Multiple Missile Types: The system employs various types of missiles with different ranges, altitudes, and capabilities to counter a wide range of threats.
High Mobility: Its mobile nature allows it to be deployed rapidly and relocated to different locations.
Advanced Radar System: The S-400 is equipped with sophisticated radar systems that provide comprehensive surveillance and target acquisition.
How it Works:
Detection: The system's radar detects incoming threats.
Target Identification: The system identifies the type of threat and determines the appropriate missile to intercept it.
Launch: The selected missile is launched towards the target.
Intercept: The missile guides itself to the target and destroys it.
5.Mission LiFE: An India-led global mass movement to nudge individual and community action to protect and preserve the environment.
At the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP26), Hon’ble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi announced Mission LiFE, to bring individual behaviours at the forefront of the global climate action narrative.
LiFE envisions replacing the prevalent 'use-and-dispose' economy—governed by mindless and destructive consumption—with a circular economy, which would be defined by mindful and deliberate utilization. The Mission intends to nudge individuals to undertake simple acts in their daily lives that can contribute significantly to climate change when embraced across the world.
Phases of Mission LiFE
Mission LiFE will be developed, curated, and piloted by NITI Aayog before being implemented by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change in a non-linear and non-sequential manner. Each phase will build upon the previous one, but all phases will be executed simultaneously.
Change in Demand (Phase I): This phase aims to encourage people worldwide to incorporate simple, impactful environmental actions into their daily routines.
Change in Supply (Phase II): As individual demand for environmentally friendly practices grows, it is expected that markets and industries will adapt their supply and procurement strategies accordingly.
Change in Policy (Phase III): The long-term goal of Mission LiFE is to influence large-scale industrial and government policies to promote sustainable consumption and production, impacting both demand and supply dynamics at national and global levels.
Mission LiFE 2022-23
In 2022-23, the focus of Mission LiFE will be on Phase I, "Change in Demand." This phase will encourage individuals, communities, and institutions to adopt simple, environmentally-friendly behaviors (LiFE actions) in their daily lives. Celebrating the 75th year of India's independence, the mission has identified
75 specific LiFE actions across seven categories that are:
Specific and quantifiable
Simple to implement with minimal dependencies on supply-side changes
Non-disruptive to ongoing economic activities, potentially fostering economic growth
Key Performance Indicators and Targets
From 2022 to 2028, Mission LiFE aims to achieve several significant impacts compared to a business-as-usual scenario for 1 billion Indians:
Turning off vehicle engines at traffic stops can save up to 22.5 billion kWh of energy.
Turning off taps while not in use can save up to 9 trillion liters of water.
Using cloth bags instead of plastic bags can prevent up to 375 million tonnes of solid waste from reaching landfills.
Recycling non-functional electronics can recycle up to 0.75 million tonnes of e-waste.
Composting food waste at home can save up to 15 billion tonnes of food.
Mission LiFE for the World
Global Call for Ideas and Papers: Scholars worldwide are invited to submit ideas and research proposals on promoting measurable and accountable environmentally responsible practices. The top five concepts will be recognized at an international LiFE conference in June 2023.
LiFE and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Mission LiFE contributes directly and indirectly to various SDGs, including sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), responsible production and consumption (SDG 12), climate action (SDG 13), life on land (SDG 15), and life below water (SDG 14). Research suggests that aggressive environmental action could create up to 65 million jobs by 2030 (SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth).
LiFE Compendium of Global Best and Traditional Practices: In collaboration with the United Nations, NITI Aayog, and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) will compile a repository of traditional and modern best practices for adopting environmentally friendly lifestyles.
Partnering with Other Countries: MoEFCC and the Ministry of External Affairs, supported by NITI Aayog, will work to build capacity in other nations to adopt Mission LiFE.
Proposed International LiFE Day: Mission LiFE aims to mobilize the global community to adopt sustainable lifestyles and seek the declaration of an International LiFE Day by the UN General Assembly.
Places in News:
The Scandinavian countries, often referred to as Scandinavia, are a region in Northern Europe that primarily includes three countries:
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
These countries share historical, cultural, and linguistic ties.
The term "Scandinavia" is sometimes extended to include Finland and Iceland due to their geographical proximity and cultural similarities, though they are technically not part of the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen
Language: Danish
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Notable Features: Denmark is known for its flat landscape, extensive coastline, and numerous islands. It's renowned for its design, architecture, and quality of life.
Norway
Capital: Oslo
Language: Norwegian
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Notable Features: Norway is famous for its dramatic fjords, mountains, and coastal landscapes. It has a strong maritime heritage and is a major producer of oil and natural gas.
Sweden
Capital: Stockholm
Language: Swedish
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Notable Features: Sweden is known for its large forests, lakes, and archipelagos. It has a strong tradition of innovation and high standards of living
Finland (sometimes included in the broader Nordic region)
Capital: Helsinki
Language: Finnish, Swedish (official)
Government: Republic
Notable Features: Finland is famous for its thousands of lakes and vast forests. It has a high standard of education and technology.
Iceland (sometimes included in the broader Nordic region)
Capital: Reykjavik
Language: Icelandic
Government: Republic
Notable Features: Iceland is known for its volcanic landscape, geysers, hot springs, and glaciers. It has a small population but a rich cultural heritage.
The Nordic countries are:
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
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1.जल में घुलनशील उर्वरक
जल में घुलनशील उर्वरक एक प्रकार का पौधों का उर्वरक है जो पूरी तरह से पानी में घुल सकता है। ये हाइड्रोपोनिक सिस्टम, पर्णीय खिला या सीधे मिट्टी में लगाने के लिए डिजाइन किए गए हैं, जो पौधों को पोषक तत्वों का आसानी से उपलब्ध स्रोत प्रदान करते हैं।
लाभ:
तेजी से पोषक तत्व उपलब्धता:
चूंकि वे पानी में घुल जाते हैं, पौधे पोषक तत्वों को जल्दी अवशोषित कर सकते हैं, जिससे तेजी से वृद्धि होती है।
आसान अनुप्रयोग:
इन्हें विभिन्न तरीकों से लागू किया जा सकता है, जिसमें पानी के डिब्बे, स्प्रेयर और सिंचाई प्रणाली शामिल हैं।
सटीक पोषक तत्व वितरण:
ये पौधों को दिए जाने वाले पोषक तत्वों की मात्रा और प्रकार पर सटीक नियंत्रण की अनुमति देते हैं।
बहुमुखी प्रतिभा:
ये विभिन्न पौधों और बढ़ते वातावरण के लिए उपयुक्त हैं, जिसमें इनडोर, आउटडोर और ग्रीनहाउस बागवानी शामिल हैं।
सामान्य पोषक तत्व:
नाइट्रोजन (N): पत्तियों और तनों की वृद्धि को बढ़ावा देता है।
फास्फोरस (P): जड़ों के विकास और फूलने में सहायता करता है।
पोटेशियम (K): पौधों के समग्र स्वास्थ्य और रोग प्रतिरोध को बढ़ाता है।
इसके अतिरिक्त, इनमें माध्यमिक पोषक तत्व (कैल्शियम, मैग्नीशियम, सल्फर) और सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व (लौह, मैंगनीज, जस्ता, तांबा, मोलिब्डेनम, बोरॉन) शामिल हो सकते हैं।
अनुप्रयोग सुझाव:
निर्माता निर्देशों का पालन करें: ओवर-फर्टिलाइजेशन से बचने के लिए हमेशा अनुशंसित खुराक और आवेदन आवृत्ति का पालन करें, जो पौधों को नुकसान पहुंचा सकता है।
समान वितरण: पोषक तत्वों के असंतुलन को रोकने के लिए उर्वरक समाधान का समान वितरण सुनिश्चित करें।
नियमित सिंचाई के साथ मिलाएं: उर्वरक समाधान को नियमित सिंचाई सत्रों के स्थान पर या इसके अतिरिक्त उपयोग करें।
पौधों की प्रतिक्रिया की निगरानी करें: पोषक तत्वों की कमी या अधिकता के संकेतों के लिए अपने पौधों का निरीक्षण करें और तदनुसार उर्वरक शेड्यूल को समायोजित करें।
2.पाषाण युग का विनाश
लगभग 5,000 साल पहले, उत्तरी यूरोप में जनसंख्या का पतन हुआ, जिसने क्षेत्र भर में पाषाण युग की कृषि समुदायों को नष्ट कर दिया। इस आपदा, जिसे नवपाषाण पतन कहा जाता है, का कारण विवाद का विषय रहा है।
प्राचीन दफन मकबरों से प्राप्त मानव हड्डियों और दांतों से प्राप्त डीएनए पर आधारित नए शोध से पता चलता है कि बीमारी, विशेष रूप से प्लेग, ने नवपाषाण पतन को प्रेरित किया हो सकता है। मानव अवशेष मेगालिथिक मकबरे से आए थे, जो विशाल पत्थरों से बने मकबरे हैं, जिन्हें "पासेज ग्रेव्स" कहा जाता है।
108 लोगों के अवशेषों का अध्ययन किया गया, जिसमें से 18 लोग प्लेग से संक्रमित थे। शोधकर्ताओं ने यर्सिनिया पेस्टिस बैक्टीरिया के विभिन्न उपभेदों के पूर्ण जीनोम का पुनर्निर्माण किया और पाया कि अंतिम उपभेद दूसरों की तुलना में अधिक विषैला हो सकता है और यह व्यक्ति से व्यक्ति में फैल सकता है।
शोधकर्ताओं ने पाया कि प्लेग नवपाषाण पतन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है, और यह भी संभव है कि यूरोप के अन्य हिस्सों में भी प्लेग ने इसी तरह का प्रभाव डाला हो।
3.संविधान हत्या दिवस (जीएस 2)
सरकार ने घोषणा की है कि 25 जून को हर साल 'संविधान हत्या दिवस' के रूप में मनाया जाएगा।
25 जून, 1975 को तत्कालीन प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गांधी ने भारत में आपातकाल की घोषणा की, जो 21 मार्च, 1977 तक चली। इस अवधि के दौरान, मौलिक अधिकारों को व्यापक रूप से निलंबित कर दिया गया, विपक्षी नेताओं और आलोचकों को हिरासत में लिया गया या गिरफ्तार किया गया, और प्रेस को गंभीर सेंसरशिप का सामना करना पड़ा।
1975 के 38वें संशोधन अधिनियम ने राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल की घोषणा को न्यायिक समीक्षा से प्रतिरक्षित बना दिया, जिसे बाद में 1978 के 44वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा हटा दिया गया।
4.एस-400 मिसाइल सिस्टम (जीएस-3)
एस-400 ट्रायम्फ (नाटो रिपोर्टिंग नाम: एसए-21 ग्रोवलर) एक अत्याधुनिक मोबाइल सतह-से-हवा में मार करने वाली मिसाइल प्रणाली है जिसे रूस द्वारा विकसित किया गया है। यह दुनिया की सबसे उन्नत वायु रक्षा प्रणालियों में से एक मानी जाती है।
प्रमुख विशेषताएं और क्षमताएं:
लंबी दूरी: एस-400 400 किलोमीटर (250 मील) तक की दूरी पर लक्ष्यों को मार सकता है, जिससे यह लंबी दूरी पर विमानों, क्रूज मिसाइलों और बैलिस्टिक मिसाइलों को रोकने में सक्षम है।
उच्च ऊंचाई: यह 30 किलोमीटर (98,000 फीट) तक की ऊंचाई पर लक्ष्यों को मार सकता है।
अनेक मिसाइल प्रकार: प्रणाली विभिन्न प्रकार की मिसाइलों का उपयोग करती है जिनकी अलग-अलग रेंज, ऊंचाई और क्षमताएं होती हैं।
उच्च गतिशीलता: इसकी मोबाइल प्रकृति इसे तेजी से तैनात और स्थानांतरित करने की अनुमति देती है।
उन्नत रडार प्रणाली: एस-400 उन्नत रडार प्रणालियों से सुसज्जित है जो व्यापक निगरानी और लक्ष्य अधिग्रहण प्रदान करती है।
5.मिशन LiFE
मिशन LiFE एक भारत-नेतृत्व वाला वैश्विक जन आंदोलन है जिसका उद्देश्य पर्यावरण की रक्षा और संरक्षण के लिए व्यक्तिगत और सामुदायिक कार्रवाई को प्रोत्साहित करना है।
मिशन LiFE के चरण
मिशन LiFE को NITI आयोग द्वारा विकसित, क्यूरेट और पायलट किया जाएगा और पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय द्वारा गैर-रैखिक और गैर-अनुक्रमिक तरीके से लागू किया जाएगा।
प्रत्येक चरण पिछले चरण पर आधारित होगा, लेकिन सभी चरणों को एक साथ निष्पादित किया जाएगा।
मांग में परिवर्तन (चरण I): यह चरण दुनिया भर में लोगों को अपने दैनिक जीवन में सरल, प्रभावशाली पर्यावरणीय क्रियाओं को शामिल करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करेगा।
आपूर्ति में परिवर्तन (चरण II): जैसे-जैसे पर्यावरण के अनुकूल प्रथाओं के लिए व्यक्तिगत मांग बढ़ती है, यह उम्मीद की जाती है कि बाजार और उद्योग तदनुसार अपनी आपूर्ति और खरीद रणनीतियों को अनुकूलित करेंगे।
नीति में परिवर्तन (चरण III): मिशन LiFE का दीर्घकालिक लक्ष्य स्थायी खपत और उत्पादन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए बड़े पैमाने पर औद्योगिक और सरकारी नीतियों को प्रभावित करना है।
6.स्कैंडिनेवियाई देश-उत्तरी यूरोप का एक क्षेत्र है जिसमें मुख्य रूप से तीन देश शामिल हैं:
डेनमार्क
नॉर्वे
स्वीडन
ये देश ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक और भाषाई संबंध साझा करते हैं। "स्कैंडिनेविया" शब्द का कभी-कभी विस्तार फिनलैंड और आइसलैंड को शामिल करने के लिए किया जाता है, उनके भौगोलिक निकटता और सांस्कृतिक समानताओं के कारण, हालांकि वे तकनीकी रूप से स्कैंडिनेवियाई प्रायद्वीप का हिस्सा नहीं हैं।
Refrence:
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